[244] The Georgian Communist Party opposed the idea, resulting in the Georgian affair. [337], Officially, the Soviet Union had replaced the "irrationality" and "wastefulness" of a market economy with a planned economy organised along a long-term, precise, and scientific framework; in reality, Soviet economics were based on ad hoc commandments issued from the centre, often to make short-term targets. [478] He formed a State Defense Committee, which he headed as Supreme Commander,[479] as well as a military Supreme Command (Stavka),[480] with Georgy Zhukov as its Chief of Staff. [557] Aware that these countries had been pushed toward socialism through invasion rather than by proletarian revolution, Stalin referred to them not as "dictatorships of the proletariat" but as "people's democracies", suggesting that in these countries there was a pro-socialist alliance combining the proletariat, peasantry, and lower middle-class. [825] Service cautioned that there was "no irrefutable evidence" of anti-Semitism in Stalin's published work, although his private statements and public actions were "undeniably reminiscent of crude antagonism towards Jews";[826] he added that throughout Stalin's lifetime, the Georgian "would be the friend, associate or leader of countless individual Jews". [548] On 8 August, in between the U.S. atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Soviet army invaded Japanese-occupied Manchuria and defeated the Kwantung Army. For other uses, see. Theories proposed Stalin's involvement with Vladimir's death, in which Stalin later admitted to via letter. [617] Across Eastern Europe, the Soviet model was enforced, with a termination of political pluralism, agricultural collectivisation, and investment in heavy industry. [523] Stalin scarcely left Moscow throughout the war,[524] with Roosevelt and Churchill frustrated with his reluctance to travel to meet them. [787] He was capable of self-righteous indignation,[788] and was resentful,[789] and vindictive,[790] holding on to grudges for many years. [900], With a high number of excess deaths occurring under his rule, Stalin has been labelled "one of the most notorious figures in history. [895] Since his death many more biographies have been written,[896] although until the 1980s these relied largely on the same sources of information. [386] The 1931 and 1932 harvests had been poor ones because of weather conditions[387] and had followed several years in which lower productivity had resulted in a gradual decline in output. Myth With these considerations in mind, this 4-step process can be used in any situation in which you want to ensure a fair and less-biased outcome: 1. [510] In December 1942, he placed Konstantin Rokossovski in charge of holding the city. [917] In 1969 and again in 1979, plans were proposed for a full rehabilitation of Stalin's legacy but on both occasions were defeated by critics within the Soviet and international MarxistLeninist movement. This purge left his military in bad shape when war came, stripped of many of its most capable officers, but just another day for "The Man of Steel." [307] In 1927, there was some argument in the party over Soviet policy regarding China. [638] He took increasingly long holidays; in 1950 and again in 1951 he spent almost five months on holiday at his Abkhazian dacha. [157] Stalin was required to serve four more months of his exile, and he successfully requested that he serve it in nearby Achinsk. As leader of a highly centralised dictatorship Josef Stalin inevitably played a pivotal part in every area of the Soviet war effort during the Great Patriotic War (1941-45). Born to a poor family in Gori in the Russian Empire (now Georgia), Stalin attended the Tbilisi Spiritual Seminary before joining the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. Stalin was born in the Georgian town of Gori,[2] then part of the Tiflis Governorate of the Russian Empire and home to a mix of Georgian, Azeri, Armenian, Russian, and Jewish communities. [875], Stalin's Soviet Union has been characterised as a totalitarian state,[876] with Stalin its authoritarian leader. [535] Over one million people were deported as a result of the policy. [109] He was eventually sentenced to two years exile in the village of Solvychegodsk, Vologda Province, arriving there in February 1909. [341] Large debts were accrued purchasing foreign-made machinery. [743] From mid-1918 until his death he favoured military-style clothing, in particular long black boots, light-coloured collarless tunics, and a gun. [650], On 1 March 1953, Stalin's staff found him semi-conscious on the bedroom floor of his Kuntsevo Dacha. Stalin and a fellow senior Bolshevik Leon Trotsky both endorsed Lenin's plan of action, but it was initially opposed by Kamenev and other party members. [323] Stalin's message was that socialism was being established in the USSR while capitalism was crumbling amid the Wall Street crash. He was good at coercing people. [95] After returning to Tiflis, Stalin organised the robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank in June 1907. [549] These events led to the Japanese surrender and the war's end. [93] By that year according to the historian Robert Service Stalin had established himself as "Georgia's leading Bolshevik". [811], Stalin was a keen and accomplished billiards player,[812] and collected watches. [652] He was moved onto a couch and remained there for three days. [3] "Charismatic rule has long been neglected and ridiculed, but apparently it has deep roots and becomes a powerful stimulus once the proper psychological and social doubt that millions believe in it" (Neumann, 1942: p. 75). [464], The Soviets further demanded parts of eastern Finland, but the Finnish government refused. [401] Stalin initiated confidential communications with Hitler in October 1933, shortly after the latter came to power in Germany. [424] By late 1937, all remnants of collective leadership were gone from the Politburo, which was controlled entirely by Stalin. [525], In November 1943, Stalin met with Churchill and Roosevelt in Tehran, a location of Stalin's choosing. Written in response to public revelations of the 1939 Soviet alliance with Germany, it focused on blaming Western powers for the war. . [914] In October 1961, Stalin's body was removed from the mausoleum and buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis, the location marked by a bust. [7] His parents were Besarion Jughashvili and Ekaterine Geladze. He further states the estimate is far lower than the estimates of 20million or above which were made before access to the archives. [415] After the murder, Stalin became increasingly concerned by the threat of assassination, improved his personal security, and rarely went out in public. [373] In November 1932, after a group dinner in the Kremlin in which Stalin flirted with other women, Nadezhda shot herself. [681] Stalin believed in the need to adapt Marxism to changing circumstances; in 1917, he declared that "there is dogmatic Marxism and there is creative Marxism. He remained in control of the USSR until his death in 1953. PM Modi's advice to BJP workers: 'Don't make anti-Muslim remarks' Views: 264. [925] A 2013 survey by Tbilisi State University found 45% of Georgians expressing "a positive attitude" to him. [321] By July 1930, over 320,000 households had been affected by the de-kulakisation policy. [473] After the Tripartite Pact was signed by Axis Powers Germany, Japan, and Italy in October 1940, Stalin proposed that the USSR also join the Axis alliance. [136], Stalin's article Marxism and the National Question[137] was first published in the March, April, and May 1913 issues of the Bolshevik journal Prosveshcheniye;[138] Lenin was pleased with it. He and Hitler were about the same height, approximately five feet, eight. Stalin had nearly a million of his own citizens executed, beginning in the 1930s. [897] After the dissolution of the Union in 1991, the rest of the archives were opened to historians, resulting in much new information about Stalin coming to light,[898] and producing a flood of new research. [206] At the same time, he disregarded orders and repeatedly threatened to resign when affronted. 23M views 5 years ago The personalities and spectres of Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin loom large in the events of the twentieth Century. [656] An autopsy revealed that he had died of a cerebral haemorrhage and also that his cerebral arteries were severely damaged by atherosclerosis. [638] In September 1952, several Kremlin doctors were arrested for allegedly plotting to kill senior politicians in what came to be known as the Doctors' Plot; the majority of the accused were Jewish. [227] On 26 May, Stalin was moved to Ukraine, on the Southwest Front. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and. [51] He continued to evade arrest by using aliases and sleeping in different apartments. [924] He remains a revered figure among many Russian nationalists, who feel nostalgic about the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany in World War II,[925] and he is regularly invoked approvingly within both Russia's far-left and far-right. [146] In August, he arrived in the village of Monastyrskoe, although after four weeks was relocated to the hamlet of Kostino. [67] He called for the Georgian Marxist movement to split from its Russian counterpart, resulting in several RSDLP members accusing him of holding views contrary to the ethos of Marxist internationalism and calling for his expulsion from the party; he soon recanted his opinions. [413] In May 1933, he released from prison many convicted of minor offences, ordering the security services not to enact further mass arrests and deportations. [196] That month, he travelled to Helsinki to talk with the Finnish Social-Democrats, granting Finland's request for independence in December. Their economy grew, markedly unaffected by the Great Depression, and people usually like leaders who bring prosperity. The Truth Stalin suffered a major stroke on March 1, 1953, but treatment was delayed from reaching him as a direct result of his actions over the previous decades. [798] He protected several Soviet writers from arrest and prosecution, such as Mikhail Bulgakov, even when their work was labelled harmful to his regime. And what is so awful in his having fun with a woman, after such horrors? [150] Their second child, Alexander, was born circa April 1917. By mid-1928 he was unable to rally sufficient support in the party to oppose the reforms. [289] He was supported in this by Bukharin, who, like Stalin, believed that the Left Opposition's proposals would plunge the Soviet Union into instability. [242] In taking this view, some Marxists accused him of bending too much to bourgeois nationalism, while others accused him of remaining too Russocentric by seeking to retain these nations within the Russian state. [563], Despite his strengthened international position, Stalin was cautious about internal dissent and desire for change among the population. [853] Conversely, Stalin had an affectionate relationship with Svetlana during her childhood,[854] and was also very fond of Artyom. [ 2] Without providing a clear successor, he left the party in chaos and the in-fighting and division . [442] The Great Terror ended when Yezhov was removed as the head of the NKVD, to be replaced by Lavrentiy Beria,[443] a man totally devoted to Stalin. He edited the party's newspaper, Pravda, and raised funds for Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik faction via robberies, kidnappings and protection rackets. Stalin was Georgian, but during his revolutionary campaigns, adopted the Soviet Nationality law and also changed his Georgian name to a Russian Name. [625] Both Stalin and Mao believed that a swift victory would ensue. [81] They launched attacks on the government's Cossack troops and pro-Tsarist Black Hundreds,[82] co-ordinating some of their operations with the Menshevik militia. Malenkov denounced the Stalin personality cult,[911] which was subsequently criticised in Pravda. [511] In February 1943, the German troops attacking Stalingrad surrendered. U.S. led forces pushed the North Koreans back. Stalin's strategy for emerging as leader was to destroy the authority of his opponents. Though Hitler and Stalin never met or even spoke on the telephone, their lives and fates were inextricably linked. [592] Stalin also initiated a new military build-up; the Soviet army was expanded from 2.9million soldiers, as it stood in 1949, to 5.8million by 1953. [782], Stalin was ruthless,[783] temperamentally cruel,[784] and had a propensity for violence high even among the Bolsheviks. [621] Stalin was concerned that Mao might follow Tito's example by pursuing a course independent of Soviet influence, and made it known that if displeased he would withdraw assistance from China; the Chinese desperately needed said assistance after decades of civil war. . [581], In the post-war period there were often food shortages in Soviet cities,[582] and the USSR experienced a major famine from 1946 to 1947. [818], Stalin publicly condemned anti-Semitism,[819] although he was repeatedly accused of it. [293] Stalin in turn accused Kamenev and Zinoviev of reintroducing factionalism and thus instability into the party. [666] A memorial service in his honour was also held at St George the Martyr, Holborn in London. [909], In 2011, historian Timothy D. Snyder summarised modern data made after the opening of the Soviet archives in the 1990s and states that Stalin's regime was responsible for 9million deaths, with 6million of these being deliberate killings. The third and final part shows how, through an overt co-option of Lenin's legacy, Stalin 'manufactured' a charismatic bond with the Soviet people. [450] He sought to maintain Soviet neutrality, hoping that a German war against France and Britain would lead to Soviet dominance in Europe. [434] In May, this was followed by the arrest of most members of the military Supreme Command and mass arrests throughout the military, often on fabricated charges. [567], The NKVD were ordered to catalogue the scale of destruction during the war. In 1952, Stalin's last book, Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, was published. Smallpox as a child left him with lasting scars and a deformity. [926], Polling by the Levada Center suggest Stalin's popularity has grown since 2015, with 46% of Russians expressing a favourable view of him in 2017 and 51% in 2019. Stalin's choices of policies (NEP and socialism in one country) During the beginning of the struggle for power after Lenin died Stalin formed an alliance with Zinoviev and Kamenev in 1923, this was purely to keep Trotsky out of power. [1] [2] He has led campaigns against the militarisation of education in Sri Lanka. [257] Despite this comradeship, Lenin disliked what he referred to as Stalin's "Asiatic" manner and told his sister Maria that Stalin was "not intelligent". [158] Stalin was in the city when the February Revolution took place; uprisings broke out in Petrograd as Saint Petersburg had been renamed and Tsar Nicholas II abdicated to escape being violently overthrown. [163] This reflected his senior standing in the party at the time.[164]. [710] He first developed the idea in December 1924 and elaborated upon in his writings of 192526. [55] He found employment at the Rothschild refinery storehouse, where he co-organised two workers' strikes. [676] A mass amnesty for certain categories of convicts was issued, halving the country's inmate population, while the state security and Gulag systems were reformed, with torture being banned in April 1953. Demanding that Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev apologise to the Party for the errors when they lost votes at the Party Congress. [870] Service suggested that the country might have collapsed long before 1991 without Stalin. [266] Some historians have questioned whether Lenin ever produced these, suggesting instead that they may have been written by Krupskaya, who had personal differences with Stalin;[254] Stalin, however, never publicly voiced concerns about their authenticity. [359] Socialist realism was promoted throughout arts,[360] while Stalin personally wooed prominent writers, namely Maxim Gorky, Mikhail Sholokhov, and Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy. Although concerns were expressed that adopting this new post on top of his others would overstretch his workload and give him too much power, Stalin was appointed to the position. [269] It was incorporated into a growing personality cult devoted to Lenin, with Petrograd being renamed "Leningrad" that year. [287] Stalin built up a retinue of his supporters in the Central Committee,[288] while the Left Opposition were gradually removed from their positions of influence. [874] Although millions of Soviet citizens despised him, support for Stalin was nevertheless widespread throughout Soviet society. [419] In 1935, he ordered the NKVD to expel suspected counter-revolutionaries from urban areas;[381] in early 1935, over 11,000 were expelled from Leningrad. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag", "Reactions of Chinese Citizens to the Death of Stalin: Internal Communist Party Reports", "Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography", "The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 193045", "Controversy in Moscow: Stalin icon revered", "The Stalin Puzzle: Deciphering Post-Soviet Public Opinion", "Georgia Divided Over Stalin 'Local Hero' Status in Gori", "Russians name Stalin as the most 'outstanding' figure of all times", "Stalin as a Neo-Pagan Deity in Contemporary Russia", "Moscow's Memory Wars: Putin seeks to whitewash Russia's Stalinist past", "Josef Stalin: communist, murderer - saint? Stalin promoted MarxismLeninism abroad through the Communist International and supported European anti-fascist movements during the 1930s, particularly in the Spanish Civil War. From 1934 to 1940 Stalin had vast numbers of government, party, and army officials murdered to satisfy his paranoid delusions that everyone was out to get him. [693] Stalin respected Lenin, but not uncritically,[698] and spoke out when he believed that Lenin was wrong. Lenin was selected as the leader of the country and the party. Joseph Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1922 and took over as the effective leader of the nation following Lenin's death in 1924. [174] A Bolshevik-controlled ship, the Aurora, opened fire on the Winter Palace; the Provisional Government's assembled delegates surrendered and were arrested by the Bolsheviks. Stalin, under the rules of the Party, was now the de-facto successor of Lenin. [143] Stalin retained the name for the rest of his life, possibly because it was used on the article that established his reputation among the Bolsheviks.
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